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various health-related advisory and intermediary agencies are encouraged to be set up to assist all parties to reduce expenditure.

questions 下列are based on the following passage.
the most important pide in america today is class, not race, and the place where it matters most is in the home．conservatives have been banging on about family breakdown for decades．now one of the nation's most prominent liberal scholars has joined the chorus.
robert putnam is a former dean of harvard's kennedy school of government and the author of bowling alone (2000), an influential work that lamented the decline of social capital in america, in his new book, our kids, he describes the growing gulf between how the rich and the poor raise their children．among the educated elite the traditional family is thriving : fewer than 10% of births to female college graduates are outside marriage--a figure that is barely higher than it was in 1970．in 2007 among women with just a high-school education, by contrast, 65% of births were non-marital．race makes a difference : only 2% of births to white college graduates are out-of-wedlock, compared with 80% among african-americans with no more than a high-school education, but neither of these figures has changed much since the 1970s．however, the non-marital birth proportion among high-school-educated whites has quadrupled, to 50% , and the same figure for college-educated blacks has fallen by a third, to 25%．thus the class pide is growing even as the racial gap is shrinking.
upbringing affects opportunity.upper-middle-class homes are not only richer(with two professional incomes ) and more stable; they are also more nurturing．in the 1970s, there were practically no class differences in the amount of time that parents spent talking, reading and playing with toddlers．now the children of college-educated parents receive 50% more of what mr．putnam calls "goodnight moon" time (after a popular book for infants).
working-class parents, who have less spare capacity, are more likely to demand that their kids simply obey them．in the short run this saves time; in the long run it prevents the kids from learning to organize their own lives or think for themselves．poor parenting is thus a barrier to social mobility, and is becoming more so as the world grows more complex and the rewards for superior cognitive skills increase.
stunningly, mr．putnam finds that family background is a better predictor of whether or not a child will graduate from university than 8th-gmde test scores．kids in the richest quarter with low test scores are as likely to make it through college as kids in the poorest quarter with high scores.
mr．putnam suggests a grab-bag of policies to help poor kids reach their potential, such as raising subsidies for poor families, teaching them better parenting skills, improving nursery care and making after-school baseball clubs free．he urges all 50 states to experiment to find out what works．a problem this complex has no simple solution.

"goodnight moon" time (line 5, para．3) refers to the time of_________
a.providing opportunity for kids
b.giving more nourishment to kids
c.being involved in the education of kids
d.reading popular books to infants

questions 下列are based on the following passage.
everyone arriving at a hospital's emergency room ( er)' wishes to be seen quickly, but for stroke patients it can be a matter of life or death．the most common stroke involves a blood clot blocking vessels in the brain, killing brain cells nearby almost immediately．luckily, an effective treatment exists．thrombolytic (溶解血栓的) therapy uses drugs to dissolve the clot and restore the flow of blood．if started within a couple of hours of a stroke occurring, it can limit brain damage and reduce long-term disability．neurologists even have a catchphrase for this: "time is brain".
understandably, hospitals strive to identify stroke cases and administer such medication without delay．a key step is using a computed tomography (ct) scanner to ensure that there has been no bleeding in the brain, in which case thrombolytic drugs would make things worse．the last couple of decades have seen many innovations in reducing this "time to ct".
but in shaving seconds from medical procedures, researchers may have neglected something more important:, the human element．gal ifergane, a neurologist at soroka university medical centre in southern israel, noticed that stroke patients who were accompanied to the er by friends or family seemed to fare better than those who arrived alone．so for 15 months, er staff at soroka recorded the number of companions escorting each stroke sufferer, over 700 in all, and tracked their progress.
the results, recently published in medicine, tell a striking story．stroke victims arriving with someone were more than twice as likely to be correctly diagnosed by the triage nurse, and had their ct scans performed earlier．patients eligible for clot-busting medication also received it much faster if accompanied, although their numbers were too few for the researchers to be sure it was because they had company．the differences were far from trivial．patients with one companion had ct scans an average of 15 minutes sooner than those unaccompanied．a second companion shaved a further 20 minutes off the walt, although three or more companions did not confer any additional benefit.
dr．ffergane did not record who the companions were, however, or how they were able to reduce delays．he believes that it is probably a combination of focusing the attention of clinical staff on their loved ones, and providing basic care such as helping to move patients into bed.
dr．ffergane admits that his study has limitations．the sample size was rather small and his findings may reflect cultural norms in israel that do not apply elsewhere．but he has already tried to make changes in the way the soroka university medical centre operates．"we asked our security team to allow two people to come in with stroke patients rather than just one," he says．"and we now consider stroke patients who are coming alone as a group at risk．"
dr．ifergane also recommends that ers provide a friendly "stroke liaison" to accompany lone patients during the diagnostic and treatment processes．something other hospitals might think about, too.

根据下面资料，回答下列题
shock treatment
[a]the objective of america's affordable care act of 2010--commonly known as obamacare--was to ensure that the 40m-plus americans who lacked health insurance could get it.less widely appreciated, but at least as important, are the incentives and penalties the law introduced to make the country's terribly expensive and poorly performing health services safer and more efficient．economists are debating on how much credit obamacare should get for a recent moderation in the growth of health costs, and for a fall in the number of patients having to be readmitted to hospital．whatever the answer is, many companies see the disruption unleashed by the reforms as the business opportunity of a lifetime.
[ b ] one of the biggest shifts under way is to phase out the "fee for service" model, in which hospitals and doctors' surgeries are reimbursed (补偿) for each test or treatment with no regard for the outcome, encouraging them to put patients through unnecessary and expensive procedures．since obamacare they are increasingly being paid by results--a flat fee for each successful hip replacement, say．there are also incentives for providers which meet cost or performance targets, and new requirements for hospitals to disclose their prices.
[ c ] millions of people are now looking for health insurance on the new public exchanges set up under the reforms．and obamacare has come into effect at a time when american employers, who often provide health cover for their workers, are seeking to cut its cost by encouraging them to shop around on private exchanges, and by offering less generous plans.
[ d ] the result is that there are growing numbers of consumers seeking better treatment for less money．existing health-care providers will have to adapt, or lose business．all sorts of other businesses, old and new, are seeking either to take market share from the conventional providers, or to provide the software and other tools that help hospitals, doctors, insurers and patients make the most of this new world.
[e] patients are increasingly having to pay higher "'deductibles(免赔额)" out of their own pockets, before the insurance kicks in, to keep the cost of the cover down．so for minor ailments and simple tests, it makes sense for such patients to go to one of the increasing numbers of walk-in clinics, staffed by well-qualified nurses, on the premises of retail pharmacies such as walgreens．the prices are clear, the care is cheap and the service is quick．walgreens has a partnership with theranos, a diagnostics firm, which offers customers a range of tests from a tiny drop of blood．walmart, a giant supermarket chain with many in-store pharmacies, also intends to become one of the leading sellers of affordable health services, says alex hurd, its product-development chief．
[ f ] for injuries and illnesses that are more serious but not immediately life-threatening, lots of "urgent-care centers" are being opened as an alternative to going to a hospital emergency unit．private-equity fn~ms are pouring money into independent chains of centers．merchant medicine, a consulting firm, reckons that between them, these chains now have just over 1,500 urgent-care centers, up from about 1,300 at the start of 2013．the market is still fragmented but a national brand could emerge from one of the largest chains, such as concentra or medexpress.
[ g] some hospital operators, seeking to cut their costs of care, and choosing to be among the disrupters rather than the disrupted, are also opening urgent-care centers．aurora health care, a wisconsin-bused chain of hospitals and clinics, now has more than 30 of them.
[ h] hospital operators are now facing a classic " innovator's dilemma ", as described by claychristensen, a harvard business professor．if they persist with their high-cost business model even as their customers discover that cheaper alternatives are good enough, they will be in trouble．according to strata decision technology, an analytics firm, many hospital groups saw what wascoming and started to cut their costs well before the provisions of obamacare started to bite．oneof the fastest movers is advocate health care, a hospital operator from illinois, which says it nowearns two-thirds of its revenues from value-based payments.
[ i ] the largest chains of for-profit hospitals, such as tenet healthcare, hca and community healthsystems, are rather profitable．they have trimmed their costs, been conservative with capital and,thanks to obamacare raising the number of americans with health insurance, now have morepatients and fewer bad debts．however, credit-rating agencies are worried about the prospects forthe not-for-profit hospitals, which are 60% of the total．with lower margins, and less capital tomake investments, they have become targets for takeover, says jim bonnette of the advisoryboard company, another consulting outfit.
[j]as a result, further consolidation in the hospital business is likely．this could mean greater[ j]efficiency and lower costs.but if antitrust authorities are not vigilant, it may lead to a concentration of market power．if so, the benefits from the efficiencies being wrung out of the hospital system may end up in the pockets of shareholders rather than saving patients and insurers money.
[ k] obamacare is also encouraging the creation of all sorts of health-related advisory and intermediary companies that help care providers, insurers and patients save money．a company called vitals approaches employees on behaff of their company's health plan, and offers them cash rewards, and a taxi, if they agree to be treated at a cheaper provider．the sums to be saved can be astonishing: a new cost-comparison tool created by blue cross blue shield, a big alliance of private health insurers, has found that a colonoscopy (结肠镜检查) with a biopsy costs $8,489 at one clinic in chapel hill, north carolina, but just $ 928 at another provider in greensboro, only 50 miles (80km) or so away.
[l] cohealo offers a "sharing economy" solution for hospitals and clinics wanting to make the best use of expensive equipment, in much the same way as airbnb helps people with spare rooms fill them with paying guests．doximity is trying to be a facebook for doctors, letting them refer patients and discuss treatments securely without the blizzard of faxes they rely on today．grand rounds is a sort of medical match．com: an online matchmaker that pairs patients with specialists．as in other industries, administrators are being tempted to switch to renting software and data storage in the online "cloud" : athenahealth, a seller of medical back-office software, is trying to get doctors and hospitals to move patients' health records onto its cloud-based service.
preliminary diagnosis
[ m ] for supporters of obamacare, it is clear that the reforms are empowering patients, driving public and private health insurers to achieve better value, forcing existing providers to shape up and providing opportunities for disruptive newcomers．digital technology is also helping to increase transparency about prices, making it easier to share information and increase efficiency．for some analysts it all adds up to a "' new health economy"--as pwc, a consulting firm, puts it--the most significant re-engineering of the american health system, by far the world's costliest, since employers began providing cover for their workers in the 1930s.
[ n] and the revolution has only just begun．the obama administration recently set a target of making 50% of medicare payments value-based, rather than fee for service, by the end of 2018．america's largest private payers have a target of 75% by 2020．so hospitals do not have long to shape up．some will have their profits squeezed, and customers stolen by new rivals．some may close, or be taken over．but for other businesses, from supermarket and pharmacy chains to digital-health startups, there will be billions to be made.

digital technology helps make the cost of health care more transparent, contributes to the sharing of information and improves efficiency.

the example of fairfax county father is cited to show
a.parents' misunderstanding about aps
b.adverse impact brought about by aps
c.great learning pressure of students
d.common concern of academic circles

questions 下列 are based on the following passage.
in recent years there has been much talk of a "renaissance" in american manufacturing．a few things seemed to be on the side of the makers．for instance, until recently the dollar was weak．american wages were stagnant, but those in china were booming．cheap shale oil and gas gave factories a boost．but as we argued recently, talking of a renaissance is overblown．and new figures, released today, add to the mounting pile of evidence saying that manufacturing growth is starting to slow.
we argued before that although there has been a recovery in american manufacturing in recent years, it is not a sustainable one．employment in the sector is still lower than before the crash．so is one important measure of output: real value added．in short, america has not got better at producing stuff.also, much of the recovery in american manufacturing seems to be based on a cyclical boom in"durable" goods--things that you expect to last a long time, like cars and fridges．during the recession, orders for durable goods plunged．that's because it is quite easy to put off such purchases．by contrast, it is more difficult to put off purchases of non-durable goods, like medicines, because people tend to consume them more frequently.
after the recession, production of durable goods soared．cheap credit, for instance, spurred demand for new motors and rapid growth in carmaking．that sector accounted for over a third of the durable growth from 2009 to 2013．yet a recovery based on a few durables industries is unsustalnable．this is because when pent-up demand is satisfied, a few big industries will suffer．overall output is likely to stall.
new data confirm this prediction．orders for durable goods fell by 1.4% in february．motor-vel~cle orders fell by 0.5%．it is possible that the recent bad weather has had an effect here．but it may be a sign of something more troubling．as economists at capital economics, a consultancy, argue, "the more general malaise started back in the autumn of last year．indeed, core orders .have now fallen in every month since last october．"
in recent months, non-durable goods have also fallen quite rapidly．what explains all this the obvious culprit is the strong dollar, because it makes manufacturing exports (which account for roughly half of america's total) more expensive．alternatively, it may be because consumers are starting to pull back on spending．in january, consumer credit grew at the slowest pace in over a year, according to recent data from the federal reserve．in recent months consumer confidence has dropped a bit．and companies may not be so confident, either, and are thus not in the mood to add to capital stock, says steven ricchiuto of mizuho securities, an investment bank．this does not bode well for american manufacturing or, indeed, for economic growth overall.

microgrids, an approach of cutting peak demand, is beneficial to both consumers and the earth.

a new technology allows small energy savings from ninny different customers to be gathered together.

questions 下列are based on the following passage.
last year, i wrote a piece entitled "why we wrongly freak out over ap" three to five advanced placement courses in high school would satisfy most selective colleges, i said, "taking six, seven, eight or 20 ap courses will almost never make you more attractive to those colleges that reject more students than they accept．"
one fairfax county father, though, told me his sophomore daughter wanted to go to the university of virginia, but to do that, someone in authority at her high school said that she had to take about nine or 10 aps.
according to the father, the adviser said "selective colleges want to see applicants take the most challenging courses at their high school, which means ap．" that is true, but it does not mean you have to take that many, unless you groove on stress．many parents and students, and some educators, share the father's concern.
introductory collegecourses such as ap,international baccalaureate and the advanced international certificate of education have done much to improve u．s．high schools in the past 30 years．they allow teachers to raise instruction, even for average students, to a level that prepares them for the rigors of college, as few high school courses do．since the fmal exams in these programs are written and graded by independent experts, any attempt to dumb down an ap, ib or aice course produces an embarrassing and revealing result: high grades from the teacher but fairing marks on the exam, the results of which arrive after school is over.
for most students applying to selective colleges from most high schools, taldng three to five ap, ib or aice courses are fine．if they come from a school with no or few such courses, admissions officers find other ways to gauge readiness．students applying to the vast majority of schools will find those colleges delighted to see any aps.
selective colleges get far more applicants with strong aps and other signs of academic readiness than they have room to accept．from that group, they pick the ones with the deepest extracurriculars, warmest recommendations, best essays and most unusual family backgrounds.
but in some very high-performing high schools in the washington region, many students still will take more ap, ib and aice courses than they need, often because it makes them feel more secure．because selective colleges look closely at how applicants from the same school compare with each other, the fairfax county father's child needs to keep up with other u-va．aspirants in her class．that does not mean she has to take nine or 10 aps.
"most admitted students from fairfax county have not taken nine to 10 ap courses over their high school careers," u-va．dean of admission gregory roberts told me．"that would be a very, very demanding course schedule for a high school student．"shirley bloomquist, a great falls-based educational consultant, has an encyclopedic grasp of u-~a．admissions．she said students accepted at u-va．these days "will have generally taken seven or more ap courses in no particular order．

根据下面资料，回答下列题
all change
[ a ] the basic model of the electricity industry was to send high voltages over long distances to passive customers．power stations were big and costly, built next to coal mines, ports, oil refineries or- for hydroelectric generation--reservoirs．many of these places were a long way from the industrial and population centers that used the power．the companies' main concern was to supply the juice, and particularly to meet peaks in demand.
[ b ] that model, though simple and profitable for utilities and generators, was costly for consumers．but it is now changing to a "much more colorful picture", says michael weinhold of siemens．not only are renewables playing a far bigger role; thanks to new technology, demand can also be tweaked (l) to match supply, not the other way round．traditional power stations and grids still play a role in this world, but not a dominant one．they have to compete with new entrants, and with existing participants doing new things.flattening the peaks
[ c ] the most expensive electricity in any power system is that consumed at peak time, so instead of cranking up a costly and probably dirty power station, the idea is to pay consumers to switch off instead．for someone nmning a large cooling, heating or pumping system, for example, turning the power off for a short period will not necessarily cause any disruption．but for the grid operator the spare power gained is very useful.
[ d ] this has been tried before: in france, a heat wave in 2003 hit the cooling systems of nuclear power stations and led to power shortages．in response, big energy consumers agreed to cut their power consumption at peak times, in exchange for generous rebates．the japanese have installed 200,000 home energy-management systems that do something similar on a domesc scale．but new technology takes it to another level, allowing a lot of small power savings from a large number of consumers to be bundled together.
[ e] nest is selling its programmes all over north america, and more recently in britain, too．customers of its "rush hour rewards" programme can choose between being given no ice a day in advance of a two- to four-hour "event" ( meaning their thermostat will be turned down or up automatically) or being told ten minutes ahead of a 30-minute one, this can cu~ the peak load byas much as 55%.
[ f] nrg, amenca's biggest indepemdent power company, is moving into the market．david crone．is chief executive admitsfred the idea of saving power "un- american"．batthat for companies", of megawatts" is a dead end in 2013 nrg bought a energy curtailment specialists, which controls 2gw.
[g] the big foris theenns on which they compete with traditional generatom, which argue the markets such as pjm are starving the power system of badly neededinvesunent.forexample, energy,acompanyinohio,suspended modernization plans at a coal-fired plant which failed to win any megawatm in the auction for 2017-2018．such plants are viable only ff utilities are paying top dollars for peak electricity--a cost which is eventually passed on to the consumer．companies like firstenergy hope that the supreme court will overturn a ruling by the federal energy regulatory commission that negawatts be treated like megawatts in capacity auctions．these worries are already spooking the market．enernoc, which bundles together small energy savings from many different customers to offer negawatts, has seen its share price fall by haft since may.
[ h ] in any case, the days of the vertically integrated model of energy supply are numbered, observes dieter helm.thanks to abundant solar power, he argues, the energy market increasingly resembles the economics of the internet, where marginal costs are zero．that "undermines the very idea of wholesale electricity markets"．the future model will be much more fragmented．independent generators, plus new entxants, are already "revolutionizing the way electricity is sold and use" ; new technologies will make the 21st-century model even more different．"no wonder many of the energy giants of the past are already in such trouble," he says．no longer so useful
[ i ]the combination of distributed and intermittent generation, ever cheaper storage and increasingly intelligent consumption has created a perfect storm for utilities, particularly those in europe, says eduard sala de vedruna of ihs, a consultancy．they are stuck with the costs of maintaining the grid and meeting peak demand, but without the means to make customers pay for it properly．their expensively built generating capacity is oversized; spare capacity in europe this winter is 100gw, or 19% of the constituent countries' combined peak loads．much of that is mothballed and may have to be written off．yet at the same time new investment is urgently needed to keep the grid reliable, and especially to make sure it can cope with new kinds of power flow--from "prosumers" back to the grid, for example.
[ j] to general surprise, demand is declining as power is used more efficiently.politicians and regulators are unsympathetic, malting the utilities pay for electricity generated by other people's
assets, such as rooftop solar, to keep the greens happy．at the same time barriers to entry have collapsed．new energy companies do not need to own lots of infrastructure．their competitive advantage rests on algorithms( 算法), sensors, processing power and good marketing--not usually the strong points of traditional utilities．all the services offered by these new entrants--demand response, supply, storage and energy efficiency--eat into the utilities' business model.
[ k] the problem for the state's electricity utilities is that they still have to provide a reliable supply when the sun is not shining．but consumers, thanks to "net metering", may have an electricity bill of zero．that means the utilities' revenues suffer, and consumers without solar power cross- subsidize those with it．rows about this are flaring across america．many utilities are asking regulators to impose a fixed monthly charge on consumers, rather than just let them pay variable tariffs．since going completely off-grid still involves buying a large amount of expensive storage, the betting is that consumers will be willing to pay a monthly fee so they can fall back on the utilities when they need to.
[ l] consumers, understandably, are resisting such efforts．in arizona the utilities wanted a $ 50 fixed monthly charge; the regulator allowed $ 5．in wisconsin they asked for $ 25 and got $19．even these more modest sums may help the utilities a bit．but the bigger threat is that larger consumers ( and small ones willing to join forces) can go their own way and combine generation, storage and demand response to run their own energy systems, often called "microgrids"．they may maintain a single high-capacity gas or electricity connection to the outside world for safety's sake, but still run everything downstream from themselves.
[ m ] some organizations, such as military bases, may have specific reasons to want to be independent of outside suppliers, but for most of them the main motive is to save money．places like university of california, san diego (ucsd．not ouly save money with their microgrids but advance research as well．a server analyses 84,000 data streams every second．a company called zbb energy has installed innovative zinc-bromide batteries; another company is trying out a 28kw supercapacitor (超级电容器)--a storage device far faster and more powerful than any chemical battery.
[ n ] in one sense, ucsd is not a good customer for the local utility, san diego gas electric．the microgrid imports only 8% of its power from the utility．but it can help out when demand elsewhere is tight, cutting its own consumption by turning down air-conditioners and other power- thirsty devices and sending the spare electricity to the grid．ucsd is one of scores of such microgrids pioneering new ways of using electricity efficiently and cheaply through better design, data-processing technology and changes in behavior．the iea reckons that this approach could cut peak demand for power in industrialized countries by 20%．that would be good for both consumers and the planet.

a more cost-effective alternative than building power stations to meet the peak is to pay consumers to cut off the power.

questions下列 are based on the following passage.
job hunting is never easy, but what if data could be used to make the process a little less stressfulcompanies such as linkedln and monster．com hold vast amounts of information on people's professional lives, but there is one organization that surpasses them all: the federal government．although rich and comprehensive, government labor data can often be hard to access, bound by red tape and cloaked in jargon.
"with today's technologies, we can do a lot more to build open dam sets for skills," said aneesh chopra, the white house's first chief technology officer and founder of arlington-based start-up hunch analytics．during his tenure, chopra's role involved making government dam more accessible．it's a mission he has continued after his departure, assembling a band of public officials, tech entrepreneurs and think-tank analysts whose focus is firmly on the labor market.
a robust economic recovery tempered by flat wages has reinforced the need to connect americans with higher-paying technology jobs, according to the white house．that was the rationale behind the president's new initiative, announced last week, to train and hire americans for more than 500,000 unfilled information teclmology jobs through partnerships with local communities.
"there's not a standard, real-time, modem way to identify all the skills our economy needs in play today．worlfforce and talent planners have a daunting job in ensuring they have a 'ready-now' workforce, so the more dam they can get, the better informed they are．" said leighanne levensaler, senior vice president of products at workday, a human resources software company that was involved in the project.
the closest thing to a standard national database is the labor department's occupational information network website, known as o * net．built in the 1990s, the site compiles dam on more than 900 occupations, with details about job skills, average compensation and a search tool to find jobs by state．but although the site is continually updated, it has been slow to keep pace with the changing job market, according to chopra and levensaler.
a push to modernize o * net is the group's next big undertaking．the president's 2016 budget proposal includes a $ 5 million request to study and test approaches "to modernize and potentially streamline dam collection" for o * net． the measure seeks to provide " up-to-date coverage of occupations and skills, particularly for high-growth, changing industries．" chopra convened a roundtable of government officials, academics and private-sector executives last month to discuss measures to improve o * net．workday and linkedin are among the companies interested in the effort-- which is still at a conceptual stage, chopra said.
to open-dam advocates such as chopra, there's no better time to harness the power of information for the economy．"no one company, no matter how amazing they are, has the capacity to get every employer in america to open up their skills data for every job posting," he said．"the government has the capacity to convene stakeholders to open up the dam．"

in what respect is the company database inferior to that of federal government
a.amplitude.
b.accessibility．
c.integrity．
d.authority.

it's concluded that better sleep should be prescribed to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity.

sleep therapy is increasingly recommended for the treatment of conunon illnesses, disorders and mental health.

some of the- common sleep therapies include lifestyle advice, sleeping position adjustment, surgery and medication, etc.

the use of some electronic devices before bedtime is associated with taking longer to fail asleep and disrupts sleep.

a cancer patient has not only found herself more refreshed but her tumors decreased after modifying her sleep habits.

questions下列are based on the following passage.
parents who consider their kids to be "more special than other children" and feel that they"deserve something extra in life" may now be characterized not only as annoying, but also as responsible for bringing one more self-important narcissist into society.
new research out of the netherlands published monday in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences found that children who were overvalued by their parents scored higher on tests to identify narcissism than their peers.
"children believe it when their parents tell them that they are more special than others．that may not be good for them or for society," brad bushman, co-author of the study and an ohio state university professor, said in a statement.
eddie brummelman, a postdoctoral researcher at the university of amsterdam in the netherlands and another author on the study, noted that parents often think telling children how special they arecompared with their peers will boost their self-confidence．but narcissism is not just a more extremeform of self-confidence; people with high-esteem do not think they're better than others．according to his research, the more narcissistic children did not necessarily express more self-confidence．"rather than raising self-esteem, overvaluing practices may inadvertently raise levels of narcissism," brummelman said.
over two years, the team evaluated 565 children in the netherlands who were between the ages of7 and 11 years old when the study began．they asked parents how much they agreed with statements like, "my child is a great example for other children to follow," and whether or not they believed their children would have knowledge of various historical and cultural figures and topics, like " neil armstrong．" eventually, the researchers began including entirely fictional figures and topics, "queen alberta." the parents raising tittle narcissists would often fall for it．"overvaluing parents tended to claim that their children had knowledge of many different topics--even these nonexistent ones," brummelman said.
while parental "overvaluing" was associated with narcissistic offspring, parental warmth was not．children of parents who expressed warmth by telling their children they loved them, but who did not engage in "overvaluing" behavior, were more likely to agree with statements that suggested they were"happy with themselves as a person and liked the kind of person they were．" in short, parental warmth appears to be closely linked to self-confident kids, not narcissistic kids．the researchers conclude that expressing warmth is key to promoting healthy self-confidence in children.
bushman, who is a father of three children, said his research has made him rethink his own parenting style．"when i first started doing this research in the 1990s, i used to think my children should be treated like they were extra-special．i'm careful not to do that now," he said.

根据下面资料，回答下列题
it's time to pay attention to sleep, the new health frontier
[a] your doctor could soon be prescribing crucial sleep as treatment for everything from obesity to mental health as experts say carving out time for sleep is just as important as diet and exercise.
[ b] after being diagnosed with brain and lung cancer in 2011, lynn mitchell, 68, was averaging about an hour of solid sleep a night．stressed about her treatments, she was paying for it in hours of lost sleep．the brain cancer was already affecting her mobility--mitchell was often dizzy and would lose her balance--but the lack of sleep was making things worse． even walking became increasingly difficult． exhausted in the mornings, she was practically incoherent． when her doctors recommended she see a sleep therapist, mitchell was relieved at how benign it sounded in comparison to the chemotherapy (化疗) she had undergone, which had side effects like nausea and fatigue.
[ c ] for about nine weeks, mitchell worked with the sleep therapist to adjust her sleep habits．she got under the covers only when she was extremdly tired．she quit watching tv in bed．she stopped drinking c',fffeinated coffee in the evening．she also learned breathing exercises to relax and help her drift off．it was all quite simple and common sense, and, most importantly, noninvasive and didn't require popping any pills.
[ d ] "it's common knowledge that sleep is needed for day-to-day function," says dr．david rapoport, director of the sleep medicine program at nyu school of medicine． " what isn't common knowledge is that it really matters--it's not just cosmetic．" rapoport has long seen people seek sleep therapy because they're chronically fired or suffering from insomnia (失眠), but an increasing number of patients are being referred to his center for common diseases, disorders, and mental health.
[ e ] researchers have known for some time that sleep is critical for weight maintenance and hormone balance．and too little sleep is linked to everything from diabetes to heart disease to depression．recently, the research on sleep has been overwhelming, with mounting evidence that it plays a role in nearly every aspect of health．beyond chronic illnesses, a child's behavioral problems at school could be rooted in mild sleep apnea (睡眠呼吸中止症)．and studies have shown children with adhd (注意力缺损多动障碍) are more likely to get insufficient sleep．a recent study published in the journal sleep found a link between older men with poor sleep quality and cognitive decline．another study out this week shows sleep is essential in early childhood for development, learning, and the formation and retention of memories．dr．allan rechtschaffen, a pioneer of sleep research at the university of chicago, once said, "if sleep does not serve an absolutely vital function, then it is the biggest mistake the evolutionary process ever made．"
[f ] but to many of us, sleep is easily sacrificed, especially since lack of it isn't seen as life threatening．over time, sleep deprivation can have serious consequences, but we mostly sacrifice a night of sleep here and there, and always say that we'll "catch up"．luckily, it is possible to make up for sleep debt (though it can take a very long time), but most americans are still chronically sleep deprived.[ g] while diet and exercise have been a part of public health messaging for decades, doctors and health advocates are now beginning to argue that getting quality sleep may be just as important for overall health．"sleep is probably easier to change than diet or exercise," says dr．michael grandner, a sleep researcher at the university of pennsylvania．"it may also give you more of an immediate reward if it helps you get through your day．" and while there's more evidence linking diet and exercise as influential health factors, sleep is probably more important in terms of brain and hormonal function, grandner says．"among a small group of sleep researchers, it's always been said that eating, exercise, and sleep are the three pillars of health," says dr．rapoport.
[ h ] in our increasingly professional and digital lives, where there are now more things than ever competing for the hours in our day, carving out time for sleep is not only increasingly difficult, but also more necessary．using technology before bed stimulates us and interferes with our sleep, yet 95% of americans use some type of electronics like a computer, tv, or cell phone at least a few nights a week within the hour before we go to bed, according to a 2011 national sleep foundation survey．"many doctors, lawyers, and executives stay up late and get up early and burn the candle at both ends," says dr．richard lang, chair of preventative medicine at the cleveland clinic．"making
sure they pay attention to sleep in the same way they pay attention to diet and exercise is crucial．"
[ i ] to some, sleep has become a powerful medicine to mental health．arianna huffington, president and editor-in-chief of the httffington post media group, advocates that sleep is the secret to success, happiness, and peak performance．after passing out a few years ago from exhaustion and cracking a cheekbone against her desk, huffmgton has become something of a sleep promoter．in a 2010 ted women conference, huffmgton said, "' the way to a more productive, more inspired, more joyful life is getting enough sleep．" research linking high-quality sleep with better mental health is growing; a 2013 study found that treating depressed patients for insomnia can double their likelihood of overcoming the disorder.
[j] while 70% of physicians agree that inadequate sleep is a major health problem, only 43% counsel their patients on the benefits of adequate sleep．but there's growing pressure on primary care physicians to address, and even prescribe, sleep during routine check-ups．in a recent study published in the journal the lancet diabetes endocrinology, the researchers concluded that health professionals should prescribe sleep to prevent and treat metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes．and overlooking sleep as a major health issue can also have deadly consequences．it was recently reported that the operator of the metro-north train that derailed in new york last year, killing four people and injuring more than 70, had an tmdiagnosed case of sleep apnea.
[ k] sleep therapies can range from simply learning new lifestyle behaviors to promote sleep, to figuring out how to position oneself in bed．more drastic measures involve surgery to open up an airway passage for people suffering from disorders like sleep apnea．sleeping pills can be prescribed too, to get much needed rest, but sleep therapists tend to favor other approaches because of possible dependencies developing.
[l] large part of reaping the benefits of sleep is known when you're not getting the right amount．according to a 2013 gallup survey, 40% of americans get less than the recommended seven to eight hours a night．while the typical person still logs about 6.8 hours of sleep per night, that's a drop from the 7.9 americans were getting in the 1940s.
[ m ] when it comes to adequate sleep, it's much more personalized than previously thought．some people feel great on five hours of rest, while others need ten．the best way to determine if you're getting the right amount, doctors say, is to find out how many hours of sleep you need to be able to wake up without an alarm and feel rested, refreshed, and energetic throughout the day.
[ n] since reforming her sleep habits, mitchell has been clocking up to seven hours of sleep a night for the past two months．"i'm alert in the morning, my balance is better, and i feel peppier," says mitchell．getting enough sleep has helped her better deal with her cancers, and its symptoms．the best news is that she recently found out that her brain tumor is shrinking, and there are fewer cancerous spots on her lungs.

dr．brody's new study with young black americans reveals that________.
a.developing serf-control is not beneficial at all
b.teenagers can benefit from developing self-control
c.effect of self-control relates to social background
d.self-control causes high blood pressure and obesity

questions 下列are based on the following passage.
marketplace or peer-to-peer (p2p) lending matches borrowers and lenders on low-cost online platforms．by skirting banks, p2p lending allows borrower and lender alike to achieve better rates of interest．essentially, p2p lending is a way of capitalizing on the network effect of social media and the
volumes of data generated therein to allow cheaper access to capital.
according to liberum, p2p lending in the u．k．will grow at 98 percent year-on-year in 2015, with 3.5 billion presently lent out．worldwide in 2015, it's estimated that $77 billion will be lent via p2p platforms-- $60 billion china, $12 billion u.s.a．and $5 billion u．k．morgan stanley's huw steenis says, "while marketplace lending is still about 1 percent of unsecured consumer and sme lending in the u．s．, we think it can reach approximately 10 percent by 2020..．we forecast the global market to grow to $150 - $490 billion by 2020．" as liberum's cormac leech says, "we are witnessing the biggest changes to the banldng sector for 400 years．"
p2p lending offers huge opportunities, mainly at the expense of banks, whose biggest margins are traditionally in unsecured lending．herein is the layer of fat p2p platforms are guzzling, picking off the banks' best customers． p2p platforms have also proved superior at harvesting and managing big data, and have lower cost bases than banks.
a significant development is that institutional money is now alighting． the largest quoted institutional p2p lender, p2p global investment plc, floated in london last year．it has raised nearly~500m and aims to double that this year．as a reward for lofting "transformational" amounts of cash on to various platforms, p2p global has been accumulating warrants and options on their equity, notably ratesetter, zopa, direct money and lending works.
in a twist to this development, neil woodford, britain's most famous fund manager, recently upped his stake in p2p global．last august woodford sold out of hsbc, fearing "fine inflation"．this seems a ringing endorsement of this disruptive but nascent (初期的) sector.
perhaps most significantly, in may this year, zopa, the p2p platform, announced its debut in secured (most p2p lending is unsecured．lending by collaborating with uber．uber drivers in u．k．will be able to borrow via zopa to buy their cars, with loans secured against the cars themselves.of course, the sector presents risks．the credit dry-up when interest rates rise．a p2p platform
may go bust．but some investors, refugees from the banking sector perhaps, will simply like the idea of being on the right side of regulatory and techi~ological upheaval (突变)．and when the banks finally understand, how will they react who knows so far, none of them have.

liberum's data quoted in paragraph :two indicate that_______.
a.i2p platform offers huge opportunities for banks
b.p2p lending attracts the old customers of banks
c.p2p has seized most share of the financial market
d.p2p lending has been experiencing fast booming

labor resources were not expected to suffer from a sharp fall in the years after 2007.

the author estimates that the current demand should have been ten percent higher if the income distribution remained the same as the early 1980s.

to achieve the goal of 4% growth in gdp, the demand growth should be boosted by raising the income share of the bottom 95%.

it's predicted that high-income earners generally spend less relative to their income than others.

except a little warning two months before the great recession, the majority of economists didn't foresee its coming.

qnestions下列are based on the following passage.
it began with some marshmallows (棉花软糖)．in the 1960s walter mischel, a osychologist then working at stanford university, started a series of experiments on young children．a child was left alone for 15 minutes with a marshmallow or similar treat, with the promise that, if it remained uneaten at the end of this period, a second would be added．some of the children, who were aged four or five at the time, yielded to temptation before time was up．others resisted, and held out for the reward.
dr．mischel then followed the children's progress as they grew up．those who had resisted, he found, did better at school than those who had given in．as adults they got better jobs, were less likely to use drugs and got into trouble with the law less frequently．moreover, children's family circumstances suggested that impulsive behavior was as much learned as inherited．this suggested that it could be unlearned--improving the child in question's chances in life.
study after study has confirmed dr．mischel's insight．however, recent observations, however,raise the possibility that developing serf-control is not always an unalloyed good.work published two years ago by gene brody of the university of georgia, who looked at a group of young black americans, showed that those who exhibited self-control as teenagers did indeed get the expected benefits．but if such self-controllers came from deprived backgrounds, they developed higher blood pressure, were more likely to be obese and had higher levels of stress hormones than their less- self-controlled peers．that correlation did not apply to people who started farther up the social ladder.dr．brody and his colleagues have followed this study with one that comes to an equally astonishing conclusion: for people born at the bottom of the social heap, self-control speeds up the process of ageing.
dr． brody and his colleagues followed almost 300 black american teenagers of different backgrounds as they aged from 17 to 22． for the first few years the researchers assessed their volunteers' levels of self-control, and also looked for signs of depression, ~ggression and drug use．they assessed, too, those volunteers' socioeconomic backgrounds．but the last examination, when participants were 22 years old, was different．then, the researchers took a blood sample, recorded the dna-methylation ( dna 甲基化) patterns of cells in it, and worked out how much these deviated from the pattern expected at that particular age． as the study shows, for people from high-status backgrounds, higher serf-control meant lower cellular ages．for those whose background was low- status, the reverse was true.
dr．brody's fmdings are both intriguing and worrying．the research into gene methylation suggests changing methylation patterns are a common response to changing circumstances as well as changing age, as the body's physiology struggles to keep up．forttmately, people can change their circumstances in rational ways: the lesson of the marshmailows shows that．if dr．brody's result is conflrmed, the challenge it poses will be to work out how to avoid the adverse effects of self-control.

根据下面资料，回答下列题
rising inequality is holding back the u.s．economy
[a] in aimouncing his run for the presidency last month, jeb bush has set an arabitious goal of 4percent real growth in gross domestic product (gdp)．this goal has been greeted with substantialskepticism from parts of the economics establishment, while some economists have praised it as a"worthy and viable aspiration" that could be achieved with growth-oriented policies．our recentresearch implies that a 4 percent growth goal for first term of the next president is not onlypossible, but is what we should strive to achieve．like hubbard and warsh, veteran republicaneconomic policymakers, we agree that the u．s．needs policies that raise labor force participation,accelerate productivity growth and improve expectations．where we part ways is the tactics.
[b] their recommendations focus on supply-side policies, such as tax reform, regulatory reform,reduced trade friction and education and training．our research implies that a weak demand sideexplains the sluggish ( 萧条的 ) recovery from the great recession, with the rise of incomeinequality as a central factor．consequently, our policy prescriptions revolve around increasing thetake-home pay of the majority of american households．the great recession, which began indecember 2007, was the most severe american economic downturn in three-quarters of a century.most economists did not anticipate ahead of time that this kind of thing could happen, although wewarned that "it could get ugly out there" in october 2007.
[ c ] but as the severity of the recession became apparent in the dark days of late 2008 and early 2009,many economists predicted a swift bounce-back, reasoning from historical evidence that deepdownturns are followed by rapid recoveries．sadly, that prediction was also incorrect．the growthpath following the great recession has been historically sluggish．our recent research, supportedby the institute for new economic thinking, helps explain why: the economic drag from decadesof rising income inequality has held back consumer spending.
[ d ] our work studies the link between rising income inequality and u．s．household demand over thepast several decades．from the middle 1980s until the middle 2000s．,american consumers spentliberally despite the fact thai income growth stag ated ( 停滞 ) for most of the population．weshow that the annual growth rate of household income slowed markedly in 1980 for the bottom 95percent of the income distribution, while income growth for the top 5 percent accelerated at thesame time．the result was the widely discussed rise of income inequality.
[ e ] it is also well known that household debt grew rapidly during this period．our work points out thatthe buildup of debt relative to income was concentrated in the bottom 95 percent of the incomedistribution．debt to income for the top 5 percent bounced around with little clear trend: when thefinancial crisis hit, our work shows that the bottom 95 percent of americans could no longer getthe rising debt they needed to continue to spend along the trend they established in the yearsleading up to the crisis．the result was a sharp cutback in household demand relative to incomethat caused the collapse of the great recession.
[f] what about the recovery household demand in 2013 (the most recent observation we havebecause our computations incorporate data that are released with a lag and are available at anannual frequency only) was a stunning 17.5 percent below its pre-recession trend, with no sign ofrecovering back toward the trend．what happened our research implies that the cutoff of creditfor the group of households falling behind as income inequality rose prevented their spending fromrecovering to its pre-recession path.
[ g ] while there is no reason to necessarily expect that consumer spending will follow a constant trendover long periods of time, the practical reality is that the u．s．economy needed the pre-recessiontrend of demand to maintain adequate growth and at least a rough approximation of fullemployment prior to 2007．in the middle 2000s, there was no sign of excess demand in the u．s.economy．inflation was tame and interest rates were low．wage growth was stagnant．althoughsome gradual slowing in long-term u．s．growth might have been predicted as the large baby-boomgeneration ages, the overall labor force participation rate was actually rising prior to the recession,so there was no reason to expect any significant decline in labor resources in the years immediatelyfollowing 2007.
[h] yes, the way many americans were financing their demand was unsustainable, but there is noindication that businesses could not sustainably continue to produce along the pre-recession trend if they had been able to sell the output．our interpretation of the evidence is that the demand dragthat could be expected as the result of rising inequality is, after a delay of a-quarter century, finallyconstraining the u．s．economy．intuition, theory and evidence predict that high-income peoplespend, on average, a smaller share of their income than everyone else does．so as a higher shareof income goes into the pockets of the well-to-do, the household sector as a whole is likely torecycle less of its income back into spending, which slows the path of demand grouch.
[i] a possible problem with this prediction for the u．s．in recent years is that income inequality beganto rise in the early 1980s, but household demand remained strong through 2006．our argument isthat the demand drag from rising inequality was postponed by the buildup of debt: the bottom 95percent borrowed rather than cut back their spending when their income growth slowed．but as thecrisis hit; lending to households collapsed, and the trend of rising debt could not continue.
[j] the effect of rising inequality has hit the economy hard． as a result, today's economy isunderperforming．no one can know precisely how much of the stagnation in household demand isdue to the rise of inequality, but our estimates imply that the current path of total demand in theeconomy is at least 10 percent below where it would have been with the income distribution of theearly 1980s．where demand goes, so follows output and employment．this analysis links to the callfor 4 percent growth．considering conventional estimates of the long-term trend growth of theeconomy, a 4 percent growth rate through the next u．s．president's first term would go a long waytoward closing the gap in output that opened with the collapse of household spending in the greatrecession and has yet to be filled.
[ k] how can we move toward this goal our research strongly implies that the main problem is on thedemand side, not the supply side．the u．s．needs to find a way to boost demand growth byarresting, and hopefully reversing, the dramatic rise of inequality． the basic argument isexceedingly simple: the economy continues to be held back by insufficient household spending,and if the income share of americans outside of the top sliver rises, household spending willincrease．policies that raise the minimum wage and reduce the tax burden of low- and middle-income households would help.
[l] in our view, however, the best method to achieve this objective would be to restore wage growthacross the income distribution as ocdhrred in the decades after world war ii．meeting this objectiveis challenging for a variety of reasons, including the fact that there remains no clear consensusabout what has caused the rise of american economic inequality．but the need to address inequalityis not just a matter of social justice ; it also is in~portant to get the economy back on the right trackafter more than seven years of stagnation．we can do better.

americans were free with their money though their income growth mostly remained still from the late 20th century to the early 21st century.

the data mentioned in paragraph 4 implies that
a.uber's market share has already surpassed taxi companies
b.uber is most popular with businessmen in american cities
c.uber has bought most of the ground transportation receipts
d.uber is providing clients with cheap and convenient service

what does,the author think of the traditional taxi service
a.it will be replaced by uber soon．
b.it will become a tourist attraction．
c.it will be a promising career no more.
d.it will become a symbol of the old england.

questions 下列are based on the following passage.
education in most of the developing world is shocking．half of children in south asia and a third of those in africa who complete four years of schooling cannot read properly．most governments have promised to provide universal primary education and to promote secondary education．but even when public schools exist, they often fail.
the failure of state education, combined with the shift in emerging economies from farming to jobs that need at least a modicum ( 少量 ) of education, has caused a private-school boom．according to the world bank, across the developing world a fifth of primary-school pupils are enrolled in private schools, twice as many as 20 years ago．so many private schools are unregistered that the real figure is likely to be much higher.
by and large, politicians and educationaiists are unenthusiastic．governments see education as the state's job．ngos tend to be ideologically opposed to the private sector．the u．n．special rapporteur on education, kishore singh, has said that "for-profit education should not be allowed in order to safeguard the noble cause of education".
this attitude harms those whom educationalists claim to serve: children．the boom in private education is excellent news for them and their countries, for three reasons.
first, it is bringing in money--not just from parents, but also from investors, some in search of a profit．most private schools in the developing world are single operators that charge a few dollars a month, but chains are now emerging.
second, private schools are often better value for money than state ones．measuring this is hard, since the children who go to private schools tend to be better off, and therefore likely to perform better．but a rigorous four-year study of 6,000 pupils in andhra pradesh, in southern india, suggested that private pupils performed better in english and hindi than public-school pupils, and the private schools achieved these results at a third of the cost of the public schools.
lastly, private schools are innovative． since technology has great (though as yet mostly unrealized．potential in education, this could be important．bridge gives teachers tablets linked to a central system that provides teaching materials and monitors their work．such robo-teaching may not be ideal, but it is better than lessons without either materials or monitoring.
the private sector has problems．but the alternative is often a public school that is worse--or no school at all．the growth of private schools is a manifestation of the healthiest of instincts: parents' desire to do the best for their children．governments should therefore be asking not how to discourage private education, but how to boost it．ideally, they would subsidize (以津帖补助 ) private schools, preferably through a voucher (凭证) which parents could spend at the school of their choice and top up; they would regulate schools to ensure quality; they would run public exams to help parents make informed choices.

one authoritative figure thinks that researchers are looking in the wrong direction in treating depression.

one theory goes that seeking treatments for a specific disease is more effective than seeking treatments for a category of disease.

the definite cause of depression still remains unknown, which is in part why scientists are still working on it.

classifying depression into subtypes has already been in disfavor and replaced by many more new definitions.

far from being the psychiatrists' authoritative masterpiece, dsm is considered as a lexicon at best．

questions下列are based on the following passage.
gulliver has a friend who recently gave up his job to study for "the knowledge", the notoriously difficult programme that london's black-taxi drivers must pass through before getting a license.
would-be cabbies must first gain an encyclopedic knowledge of the capital's central district--some 25,000 streets and approximately 20,000 landmarks--and be able to recite the best way of navigating between them．studying for the knowledge typically takes from two to four years.
the sacrifice used to be worth it．although driving a taxi for a living is undoubtedly hard work, cabbies earn a decent wage, choose their own hours and usually manage to spend a few weeks a year at their holiday villas in spain．alas, for gulliver's friend, it is no longer a job with prospects．leaving aside that learning routes by rote in an era of satellite navigation is a waste of everyone's time, the reason that cabbies put themselves through such a tough selection process is so they can earn the privilege of picking up passengers off the street, which only they are legally allowed to do.
uber is malting this privilege increasingly irrelevant．the firm uses a smartphone platform to bring passengers and drivers together．it is on its way to cornering the world taxi market--although, like many cabbies, it is taldng a circuitous ( 迂回的 ) route．several american cities, including portland, have ordered the firm to suspend operations, while whole countries, such as germany, have outlawed it．still, these are mere bumps in the road．the latest report by certify, which tracks business- expense claims, found that for the first time the majority of "ground transportation receipts" were for rides in uber cars．in the second quarter of 2015, 55% of such business expenses emanated from that single company, compared with 43% on all other taxi services．according to certify, whose respondents are overwhelmingly american, the cities in which businessmen are most likely to use an uber car are san francisco ( 79% ), followed by dallas (60%) and los angeles (54%)．it is easy to see why．uber is cheap, reliable and easy to use．you know which driver is coming for you and the driver knows you．there is no need to play a game of hailing leapfrog ( 交替进行 ) with competitors along busy streets, in the hope of finding a taxi with a light on.
on a recent trip to new york, gulliver's young daughter was desperate to take a ride in a yellow taxi because she had seen them on posters．so we took a ride as a tourist attraction．when it came to pulling our suitcases back to jfk, though, it was much more convenient to call an uber car．gulliver worries for his friend's choice of new career．how long will it be before he becomes little more than a curiosity for those wanting to experience ye olde england

根据下面资料，回答下列题
why depression needs a new definition
[a] many psychiatrists believe that a new approach to diagnosing and treating depression--linkinginpidual symptoms to their underlying mechanisms--is needed for research to move forward．inhis aphorisms, hippocrates defmed melancholia (抑郁症), an early understanding of depression,as a state of "fears and losing courage, if they last a long time．" it was caused, he believed, by anexcess of bile (胆汁) in the body (the word "melancholia" is ancient greek for "black bile").
[b] ever since then, doctors have struggled to create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness that still isn't well understood．in the 1920s, the german psychiatrist kurt schneider arguedthat depression could be pided into two separate conditions, each requiring a different form oftreatment: depression that resulted from changes in mood, which he called "inner depression",and depression resulting from reactions to outside events, or "reactive depression"．his theorywas challenged in 1926, when the british psychologist edward mapother argued in the britishmedical journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that theapparent differences between depression patients were just differences in the severity of thecondition.
[c] today, schneider's subtypes have largely fallen out of favor, but over the years, many moredefinitions were offered in their place．in 1969, the american psychologist rollo may wrote in hisbook love and will that "depression is the inability to construct a future," while the cognitivepsychologist albert ellis argued in 1987 that depression, unlike "appropriate sadness", stemmedfrom "irrational beliefs" that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks.
[d] in 1952, the american psychiatric association tried to standardize the definitions of mentalillnesses, including depression, by creating a taxonomy (分类法) of mental illnesses．in the flrstedition of the diagnostic and statistical manual, depression was listed under the broad categoryof "disorders without clearly def'med physical cause"．the dsm-iii, published in 1980, was theapa's first attempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing their symptoms; the newedition included guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eightsymptoms of depression, included "poor appetite or significant 'weight loss" and "complaints orevidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate"．if an adult met four of the eight symptoms,the manual counseled, he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression．in the dsm-v,published in 2013, depressive disorders were fmally allocated their own chapter．the diagnosticcriteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one additional symptom : "depressed moodmost of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report ( e．g．, feels sad orempty) or observation made by others (e．g．, appears tearful)."
[e] some scientists believe that the dsm-v definition is still too vague．as the psychiatrist daniel goldberg noted in the journal world psychiatry in 2011, many of the dsm symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a more preciseunderstanding of the condition．"a patient who has psychomotor retardation ( 精神运动性阻痴 ),hypersomnia ( 嗜睡 ), and gaining weight is scored as having identical symptoms as another who isagitated, sleeping badly, and has weight loss," goldberg wrote.
[f] many recent studies have verified goldberg's concerns．in 2000, for example, a group of researchers at johns hopkins univemity attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the symptoms of nearly 2,000 patients．however, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition ( mild to severe)．"depression is of different kind," they concluded, adding that "the severity of an episode appears to be more informative than the pattern of symptoms．" and in 2010, researchers in germany testing the validity of the dsm-iv definition found that the criteria captured a huge population of patients with "widelyvarying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity ( 共病 ), personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteristics．" the results, they argued, " challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity．"
[g] part of the problem, said scott monroe, a professor of psychology at the university of notre dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered a syndrome rather than a disease．while a disease is a specifi, c condition characterized by a common underlying cause and consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known to frequently appear together, but without a single known cause．in a paper published in june in the journal current directions in psychologicalscience, monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression with more precision．"it is in thisvague and imprecise realm that problems can arise," he wrote, "and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences eventually may prove to be clear oversights．"
[ h ] part of the reason that scientists are still working in the "vague and imprecise realm", as monroe put it, is because they still don't have a clear answer for what cat ses depression．in the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmed from a chemical imbalance in the brain, specifically from lower levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin ( 血清素 )．as a result, drug companies poured resources into developing "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors" (ssris), drugs that increased the amount of serotonin in the brain．ssris are still the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant--despite the fact that research has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all inpiduals．and in 2010, a review of three decades' worth of studies on antidepressants found that while ssris can be helpful for severely depressed people, their effectiveness "may be minimal or nonexistent" in those with mild or moderate depression.
[i] bruce cuthbert, the director of adult translational (平动 ) research and treatment development at the national institute of mental health ( nimh), thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have largely focused their attention on fmding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesn't exist．"when you do a clinical trial, you're getting a bunch of people who are ' depressed', but they're actually very different," he said．"it's like comparing apples, pears, and oranges．you're not going to see a significant effect．you're not going to be able to say, ' this treatment works for fruits．' " trying to create a singular treatment for depression, cuthbert said, is like trying to create one for cancer: too unspecific to actually be helpful．"our current diagnostic system is running out of steam for research．" "while dsm has been described as a ' bible' for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary, creating a set of labels and defining each," the nimh director tom insel wrote in 2013.
[j] in 2010, insel invited cuthbert, who was then working as a psychology professor at the university of minnesota, to help the nimh develop a new framework for defining mental illness．the result, unveiled in 2013, was the research domain criteria ( rdoc ), a system created to flip the way researchers think about mental disorders．unlike the dsm, rdoc isn't organized by disorder; instead, it's organized around specific symptoms, like fear, anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure), and willingness or unwillingness to work．the system also lists the genes, neural circuits, physical response, and self-reported behavior associated with each symptom.
[k] the theory behind this rdoc system is that treating a specific symptom will produce better results than treating a broad category of illness．many depression patients exhibit anhedonia, for example, but many others don't．but if researchers took a group of patients who all displayed anhedonia, regardless of their diagnosis ( it's also a common symptom of schizophrenia．and tested treatments for that very specific symptom, they would get better results for treating anhedonia.
[l] the current definition of depression, cuthbert explains, has largely stemmed from scientists observing patients and then developing lists of symptoms based on what they saw．"the belief was that if you described the disorder well enough, you would be able to define it," he said．but it's becoming increasingly clear, he said, that by relying on describing the disorder, scientists are only skimming the surface in terms of understanding it．cuthbert hopes that the rdoc system will challenge researchers to look at the mechanics of each symptom more closely, and in the process, come up with more well-informed ideas around how to diagnose mental illness．"we're starting over with how we think about mental disorders," cuthbert said．"our current diagnostic system is ranning out of steam for research．" "our current concept of depression is left over from times when we didn't really understand it very much," he added．"we know so much more about it now--physically, genetically, neurochemically--and we should be using that．"

[注:2016年6月考试起听力试题进行了调整，①取消短对话②取消短文听写③听力篇章调整为2篇（原3篇）④新增讲座/讲话（3篇）⑤其余测试内容不变。本套试题听力部分仍为老版仅供参考]
听音频，mp3:http://wximg.233.com/attached/media/20160531/20160531103615_9388.mp3
回答下列题

how can human beings accomplish the goal of protecting the planet according to the author
a.by showing respect for plants.
b.by preserving all forms of life.
c.by tapping all natural resources.
d.by pooling their efforts together.

what does the author accuse western politicians of
a.depriving common people of the right to clean air.
b.giving priority to theory rather than practical action.
c.offering preferential treatment to wealthy countries.
d.failing to pass laws to curb environmental pollution.

questions下列are based on the following passage.
air pollution is deteriorating in many places around the world. the fact that public parks in cities become crowded as soon as the sun shines proves that people long to breathe in green, open spaces. they do not all know what they are seeking but they flock there, nevertheless. and, in these surroundings, they are generally both peaceful and peaceable. it is rare to see people fighting in a garden. perhaps struggle unfolds first, not at an economic or social level, but over the appropriation of air, essential to life itself.
if human beings can breathe and share air, they don't need to struggle with one another.
unfortunately, in our western tradition, neither materialist nor idealist theoreticians give enough consideration to this basic condition for life. as for politicians, despite proposing curbs on environmental pollution, they have not yet called for it to be made a crime. wealthy countries are even allowed to pollute if they pay for it.
but is our life worth anything other than money the plant world shows us in silence what faithfulness to life consists of. it also helps us to a new beginning, urging us to care for our breath, not only at a vital but also at a spiritual level. the interdependence to which we must pay the closest attention is that which exists between ourselves and the plant world. often described as "the lungs of the planet", the woods than cover the earth offer us the gift of breathable air by releasing oxygen. but their capacity to renew the ai polluted by industry has long reached its limit. if we lack the air necessary for a healthy life, it is because we have filled it with chemicals and undercut the ability of plants to regenerate it. as we know, rapi deforestation combined with the massive burning of fossil fuels is an explosive recipe for an irreversible disaster.
the fight over the appropriation of resources will lead the entire planet to hell unless humans learn t share life, both with each other and with plants. this task is simultaneously ethical and political because can be discharged only when each takes it upon herself or himself and only when it is accomplished together with others. the lesson taught by plants is that sharing life expands and enhances the sphere c the living, while piding life into so-called natural or human resources diminishes it. we must come t view the air, the plants and ourselves as the contributors to the preservation of life and growth, rather than a web of quantifiable objects or productive potentialities at our disposal. perhaps then we would finally begin to live, rather than being concerned with bare survival.

questions下列are based on the following passage.
when the right person is holding the right job at the right moment, that person's influence is greatly expanded. that is the position in which janet yellen, who is expected to be confirmed as the next chair of the federal reserve bank (fed. in january, now finds herself. if you believe, as many do, that unemployment is the major economic and social concern of our day, then it is no stretch to think yellen is the most powerful person in the world right now.
throughout the 2008 financial crisis and the recession and recovery that followed, central banks have taken on the role of stimulators of last resort, holding up the global economy with vast amounts of money in the form of asset buying. yellen, previously a fed vice chair, was one of the principal architects of the fed's $ 3.8 trillion money dump. a star economist known for her groundbreaking work on labor markets, yellen was a kind of prophetess early on in the crisis for her warnings about the subprime (次级债) meltdown. now it will be her job to get the fed and the markets out of the biggest and most unconventional monetary program in history without derailing the fragile recovery. the good news is that yellen,67, is particularly well suited to meet these challenges. she has a keen understanding of financial markets, an appreciation for their imperfections and a strong belief that human suffering was more related to unemployment than anything else.
some experts worry that yellen will be inclined to chase unemployment to the neglect of inflation.
but with wages still relatively flat and the economy increasingly pided between the well-off and the long-term unemployed, more people worry about the opposite, deflation (通货紧缩) that would aggravate the economy's problems.
either way, the incoming fed chief will have to walk a fine line in slowly ending the stimulus. it must be steady enough to deflate bubbles (去泡沫) and bring markets back down to earth but not so quick that it creates another credit crisis.
unlike many past fed leaders, yellen is not one to buy into the finance industry's argument that it should be left alone to regulate itself. she knows all along the fed has been too slack on regulation of finance. yellen is likely to address the issue right after she pushes unemployment below 6%, stabilizes markets and makes sure that the recovery is more inclusive and robust. as princeton professor alan blinder says, "she's smart as a whip, deeply logical, willing to argue but also a good listener. she can persuade without creating hostility." all those traits will be useful as the global economy's new power player takes on its most annoying problems.
下列what do many people think is the biggest problem facing janet yellen

a.lack of money.
b.subprime crisis.
c.unemployment.
d.social instability.

opinions about and preferences for cultural objects are often inheritable.